ĝen-2, ĝenǝ-, ĝnē-, ĝnō-

    ĝen-2, ĝenǝ-, ĝnē-, ĝnō-

    English meaning: to know

    Deutsche Übersetzung: “erkennen, kennen”

    Note: for the avoidance of the homonyms 1. ĝen- are often used with various with ĝnōverbal forms.

    Material: O.Ind. jünǘ mi “I know”, anu-jñü- “ acknowledge, admit, grant”, Av. paiti-zünǝnti “ they take care of somebody “ (themat. 2. pl. paiti-zünatü “ you recognize, take up, absorb, take in “), O.Pers. 3. sg. Impf. a-dünü “ he knew “ (IE *ĝn̥̄-nü-mi, besides enkLith. *ĝn̥-nümi in:) Av. zanü-t̲, zanąn, afghO.N. pē-žanī “unterscheidet, erkennt”; Arm. Aor. cancay “I erkannte” (an-can “ unacquainted “) insecure basic form (to present *ĝn̥̄-nü-mi? or from *ĝen-? as:) canaut” “bekannt”; O.Ir. itar-gninim, asa-gninaim ‘sapio” (Fut. -gēna from *ge-gnü-, Pert ad-gēn-sa “ become acquainted with, acquire knowledge of, ascertain, learn, perceive, understand ; perf., to know “ from *ge-gn-; in present stem gnin- is the voc. still unsolved; compare Pokorny IF . 35, 338 f., Marstrander Pré s. nasal. 23); Maybe Alb. (*gni) di “know” common Alb. g- > d- phonetic mutatIon. Goth. kunnan “kennen, know, have knowledge of “ (kann, preterit kunÞa; originator of the zero grade plural forms kunnum, kunnun from *ĝn̥-nǝ-més); besides weak Verb ana-kunnan “erkennen” etc. = O.H.G. kunnēn “noscere, temptare” (already Proto-Gmc., Wissmann nom. postverb. 146 f.); besides zero grades ōn-Verb O.N. kanna “untersuchen”; O.H.G. (etc.) intense Verb. kunnan (kann) “ know, have knowledge of, to be able “ (in den älteren Sprachzeiten only from geistigem can = kennen, contrast to mögen); in addition das Kaus. Goth. kannjan (*ĝon-) “bekanntmachen, kundtun”, O.E. cennan “benachrichtigen, define, zuschreiben”, O.H.G. ar-kennen “erkennen”, bi-kennen “bekennen”, Ger. kennen. Lith. žinaũ, žinó ti, Ltv. zinât “ know, have knowledge of “ (žì no = *gen-, thereafter pl. žì nome, Inf. žinó ti, participle žinó tas) == O.Pruss. posinna “I bekenne” (Inf. posinnat, participle posinnüts), ersinnat “erkennen”; sk̂o-present O.Pers. (Konj.) xšnüsütiy “er soll erkennen”; Gk. γιγνώσκω, epIr. γνώσκω “erkenne”, Lat. nōsco (gnōsco) “erkenne”, ignōsco “have ein Einsehen, verzeihe” (compare O.Ind. anu-jñü-); Alb. njoh “I kenne” (*ĝnē-sk̂ō; 2. 3. sg. njeh through umlaut); s. also under Lith. pažį́ stu; perf. O.Ind. jajñǘu, Lat. nōvī, O.E. cnēow (cnüwan) “erkannte”; Gk. Aor. ἔ-γνων, O.Ind. Opt. jñü-yüt; Gk. γέγωνα “bin vernehmlich, says” (also formal to present geworden γεγωνέω ds., γεγωνίσκω); in addition das i̯o-present O.Ind. jñüyáte (pass. to jünǘ ti), O.H.G. knüu (ir-, bi-, int-) “erkenne”(*gnē-i̯ō), O.E. cnüwan (Eng. know) ds. (to w compare Lat. nōvī, O.Ind. jajñǘu), with O.H.G. urknüt “ cognition “, and O.C.S. znajǫ, znati “kennen, know, have knowledge of “ (*ĝnō-i̯ō); Desid. O.Ind. jijñüsati, Av. zixšnü̊ ŋhǝmnü̊ “die erkundigen Wollenden”; Lith. pažį́ stu, - žinaũ , žì nti “kennen”; after Leumann IF. 58, 118 from *ĝn̥-skō derived; different Persson Beitr. 341; Kaus. O.Ind. jñüpayati (die p-form wäre old, if Charpentier IF. 25, 243 with right Arm. canaut” “bekannt”, i-stem = O.Ind. jñapti-ḥ “ cognition, knowledge” places); but jñaptarather retograd from kausat. jñüpita-, IF. 57, 226 f. to-participle ĝnō-tó-s (hat perhaps das ō secondary from den verbal forms bezogen): O.Ind. jñütá-ḥ “bekannt”, Gk. γνωτός (newer γνωστός) ds. (ἀγνώς, -ῶτος “ unacquainted “), Lat. nōtus, O.Ir. gnüth “ habitual, customary, bekannt” (Welsh gnawd “ consuetude “; in addition Welsh gnaws, naws “nature”, Bret. neuz “Aussehen”, as Brit. Lw. O.Ir. nōs “custom”), Gaul. Κατου-γνᾱτος, Epo-so-gnütus; O.Ind. ajñüta-, ἄγνωτος, ignōtus “ unacquainted “, O.Ir. ingnad “ strange “; besides *ĝnŏ-tó-s (Umfärbung from *ĝnǝ-tós after ĝnō-?) in Lat. nota “Kennzeichen, Merkmal, Fleck, Mal” (substantiviertes Fem. of participle), Denom. notō, -üre “kennzeichnen, observe; rebuke, reprove “, hence probably also in cognitus, agnitus, compare with the same vowel gradation Gk. *ἄ-γνο-Fος in ἀγνοέω “white not”, ἀγνοίᾱ, ἄγνοια “Unwissenheit”; better about ἀγνόεω (steht for *ἀνόεω) and Lat. nota (to ὄνοσθαι “rebuke”) jetzt Leumann Homer. Wörter 22823; Toch. A ü-knats, В a-knütsa see under. ĝnǝ-to-s in M.Welsh yngnad, ynad “judge” (*en-ĝnǝ-to-s), dirnad “Urteilskraft” (*dē-proĝnǝ- to-), Loth RC 47, 174 f. ĝn-̥̄ tó-s in Lith. pažì ntas “bekannt”, Goth. kunÞs, O.E. cūÞ, O.H.G. kund “kund, bekannt”, Goth. unkunÞs “ unacquainted “; with lengthened grade the 1. syllable Av. paiti-zanta- “anerkannt” (as ü-zainti- “knowledge”). ĝnō-ti- in O.Ind. pra-jñüti-ḥ f. “ cognition “, Gk. γνῶσις f. “ cognition “, Lat. nōti-ō f., O.C.S. Inf. znati, Russ. znatь f. “die Bekannten”; compare O.H.G. urchnât f. “agnitio” (*ĝnē-ti-s); ĝn-̥ tí-s in O.H.G. kunst (-sti- for -ti-) “Kunst, Kenntnis, Weisheit” (Goth. kunÞi “knowledge, cognition “ from *kunÞia- n.), Lith. pažintì s f. “ cognition “; ĝnō-ter- in O.Ind. jñütár-, Av. žnütar- “ connoisseur, expert “, compare Gk. γνωστήρ, Lat. nōtor “ connoisseur, expert, Bũrge”; compare O.Ind. jñüna-m (*ĝnō-no-m) “knowledge, cognition “. ĝnō-mn̥ in Gk. γνῶμα “Erkennungszeichen; Winkelmaß” (out of it Lat. grōma “Meßinstrument the Feldmesser” and, of acc. γνώμονα from, also norma “Winkelmaß, Richtschnur, Vorschrift, rule”); aRuss. znamja (O.C.S. znamenije, znakъ) “mark, token, sign” (from a corresponding Lat. *gnōmen is *cognōmen, agnomen influenced); Gk. γνώμη “opinion” (probably for *gnō-m[n]ü), compare Lith. żyme ̃ “Merkzeichen” (*žį me ̃ ); γνώμων “Richtmaß”. ĝnō-tel- in Sloven. znâtelj “ connoisseur, expert “, Russ. znátelь “Withwisser”; also O.Ind. jñütár- could instead of to ĝnō-ter- here belong. ĝenǝ-tlo- : ĝnō-tlo- “Erkennungszeichen” in Lith. že nklas “mark, token, sign”; O.Pruss. ebsentliuns “bezeichnet”: O.Ind. jñütra- n. “ ability, capacity of Erkennens”; Gmc. *knōÞla- in O.H.G. beknuodilen “vernehmbar become”, einknuadil “insignis”; compare Lat.(g)nōbilis “kennbar, bekannt; vornehm, odel” (Adjektivierung a *ĝnō-dhlom “Kennzeichen”); ĝnō-ro- in Gk. γνώριμος “kenntlich, bekannt, angesehen”, γνωρίζω “make bekannt” (to *γνῶρον), wherefore with ablaut *ĝn-̥̄ ró-: Lat. gnürus “a thing expert, skillful”, ignürus “ignorant” (ignōro rather from *ignüro after nōsco umgefärbt as with the ablaut grade from γνώριμος), gnüruris GlO.S.S. “gnürus”, ignürurēs “ἀγνοοῦντες”, nürrüre “to Wissen make, kũnden” = Umbr. naratu “narrütō”, naraklum “nūntiütiō”; as Endglied from compounds O.Ind. -jnü̆ -, Av. uxδa-šna- “die discourse kennend”. Here presumably IE ĝnē-u̯os “expert, skillful, wer es white, as man es to machen hat, tatkräftig” in O.N. knür “proficient, strong” (O.E. gecnǣ we “eingestanden, bekannt” is against it new Bildungvon cnüwan from); compare (from *ĝn̥̄-u̯o-s?) Lat. nüvus (old gnüvus) “ active, tatkräftig”, ignüvus “without Tatkraft”, next to which with *-ǝu̯- M.Welsh go-gnaw “vertraut with” (*upo-uk̂s-ĝnǝu̯o-?), M.Bret. gnou “manifeste, évident”, O.Bret. inschr. Bodocnous (i.e. -gnous, Loth RC 18, 93), M.Ir. gnō “ distinguished “, Ir. gnō “business, affairs”. A similar meaning-development in the Gmc. family O.Ice. kø̄ nn “einsichtsvoll, smart, proficient”, O.E. cēne “bold, audacious”, O.H.G. kuoni “bold, kampflustig” (lengthened grade as γέγωνα), compare with zero grade Lith. žý ne “ witch “ (“die Kluge”), žý nis m. “Hexenmeister”; Toch. AB knü- “ know, have knowledge of, erkennen”, A ü-knats, В a-knütsa “ignorant”. About Hitt. ḫa-an-na-i “urteilt” s. Pedersen Hitt. 201 (wenig glaubhaft). Maybe through metathesis Alb. *ḫa-an-na, njoh “know”

    References: WP. I 578 ff., WH. I 613 f., II 176 ff., Trautmann 370 f., Feist 316 f., Meillet Cinquantenaire 172 ff.